August 12th, 2017
Ocean Earth article
Science knowledge is changing so fast I can't keep up. In May this article came out "Early Earth Was Almost Entirely Underwater, With Just a Few Island" May 12, 2017 By Evan Gough. This article indicates early Earth was in fact almost entirely covered in water 4.4 byr ago so maybe I was correct when I said oceans create atmospheres. On page 73, I referenced this article about volcanism and atmospheres. The article indicates our atmosphere is created by water that is released from deep within the Earth's mantle through vulcanism which in turn create oceans and the volcanically released moisture in the atmosphere adds to the planets water supply.
Let me say that again because this is important, early Earth was covered in water before the late heavy bombardment 4.4 billion years ago. The late heavy bombardment didn't begin until about 3.68 Ga. Meteorites found on Earth have been dated to 4.56 Ga which is considered the earliest time frame suggested for the formation of the Earth. From 4.56 Ga to 4.53 Ga or over the course of 30 Myr the Earth was formed and its internal radiogenic heating was about 5 times greater than it is today.
In December 2014 Science Magazine reported on the European Space Agencies conclusions that comets did not deliver water to Earth because of the 3 fold difference in deuterium.
Update Nov 30th 2017, another article on water Earth dated March 7th 2017.
Update Nov 12th, 2018, another article supporting my hypothesis.
Update Apr 7th, 2019, Scientific America article about cool wet Earth 4.4 Ga
I can accept volcanoes create atmospheres.
I can accept volcanoes create oceans.
I do not accept the premise atmospheres create oceans, to me, this is putting the cart before the horse. In other words, if there's enough fluid contained within a planet to form an atmosphere which could, in turn, form oceans via rain then there's enough fluid to ooze to the surface in its fluid form creating an ocean via subsurface seepage.
Temperature dictates the amount of water vapor that can be trapped in Earth's air. In the most hot humid zones water vapor can reach 4%. In cold arid places the percent of water vapor in the air is much lower. Average percentages of water in our air is 2 - 3%.
Why does it matter?
On page 46 I explained how this paper (Observed glacier and volatile distribution on Pluto from atmosphere–topography processes) is suggesting Sputnik Planitia (SP) was created by Pluto's atmosphere.
Quote from the paper
This points to atmospheric–topographic processes as the origin of Sputnik Planitia’s N2 glacier.
This paper is trying to say that because SP is a basin, Pluto's atmosphere created an ocean of N2 ice at this location. To me, that doesn't make any sense. They use Hellas Planitia as an example showing how Hellas frosts over in the winter. This frost comes from the atmosphere freezing and condensing onto Hellas basin.
Let me say that again because this is important, early Earth was covered in water before the late heavy bombardment 4.4 billion years ago. The late heavy bombardment didn't begin until about 3.68 Ga. Meteorites found on Earth have been dated to 4.56 Ga which is considered the earliest time frame suggested for the formation of the Earth. From 4.56 Ga to 4.53 Ga or over the course of 30 Myr the Earth was formed and its internal radiogenic heating was about 5 times greater than it is today.
In December 2014 Science Magazine reported on the European Space Agencies conclusions that comets did not deliver water to Earth because of the 3 fold difference in deuterium.
Update Nov 30th 2017, another article on water Earth dated March 7th 2017.
Update Nov 12th, 2018, another article supporting my hypothesis.
Update Apr 7th, 2019, Scientific America article about cool wet Earth 4.4 Ga
I can accept volcanoes create atmospheres.
I can accept volcanoes create oceans.
- If volcanoes were active enough to create an atmosphere thick enough such that, that atmosphere could in turn create an ocean then that subsurface fluid would be abundant enough to surely expel from subterranean sources as a fluid in enough abundance to create an ocean of fluid.
I do not accept the premise atmospheres create oceans, to me, this is putting the cart before the horse. In other words, if there's enough fluid contained within a planet to form an atmosphere which could, in turn, form oceans via rain then there's enough fluid to ooze to the surface in its fluid form creating an ocean via subsurface seepage.
Temperature dictates the amount of water vapor that can be trapped in Earth's air. In the most hot humid zones water vapor can reach 4%. In cold arid places the percent of water vapor in the air is much lower. Average percentages of water in our air is 2 - 3%.
Why does it matter?
On page 46 I explained how this paper (Observed glacier and volatile distribution on Pluto from atmosphere–topography processes) is suggesting Sputnik Planitia (SP) was created by Pluto's atmosphere.
Quote from the paper
This points to atmospheric–topographic processes as the origin of Sputnik Planitia’s N2 glacier.
This paper is trying to say that because SP is a basin, Pluto's atmosphere created an ocean of N2 ice at this location. To me, that doesn't make any sense. They use Hellas Planitia as an example showing how Hellas frosts over in the winter. This frost comes from the atmosphere freezing and condensing onto Hellas basin.
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<<<<<<< Hellas Planitia in south pole summer. >>>>>>>> Hellas Planitia in south pole winter. |
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What the paper seems to ignore is that during Mars' southern hemisphere summer this surface frost evaporates rising into the air of this basin. Raised summer temperatures increase evaporation. This thicker moist heavy air is trapped or collected in Hellas since it is a basin this further raises the temperature just as the raised summer temperature raises the amount of gasses in the air. The air becomes increasingly thick with moisture during the summer months because there are large quantities of subsurface dirty ices within Hellas which warm and evaporate. In the winter the moisture is condensed back onto the ground as frost and the cycle repeats. This is not an example of an atmosphere creating an icy ocean building layer upon layer. This is an example of surface water ice evaporating then condensing. Hellas basin is a frozen ocean of water (covered by dusty dirt) creating a localized atmosphere.
Planetary Science Research Discoveries wrote a paper about this dirty subsurface water ice around the southern hemisphere of Mars and its distribution properties.
Planetary Science Research Discoveries wrote a paper about this dirty subsurface water ice around the southern hemisphere of Mars and its distribution properties.
This is a repeated cyclical process of evaporation and condensation and ultimately more moisture is lost to space than is added to Hellas basin. Mars' atmospheric moisture from around the planet is not coalescing at Hellas and building up a basin actively filling with the planets atmospheric frost. The atmosphere at Hellas is a localized phenomenon created by its bowl shape and the seasonal temperature changes along with the already present below surface ices. These ices are cycled from the ground to the air back to the ground it is not creating an ocean of surface ice it is the product of preexisting subsurface ices cyclically converting at Hellas. Hellas is not a situation where an atmosphere is creating a glacial ocean its one where a frozen ocean of water is cyclically creating an atmosphere.
Sputnik Planitia is described by NASA scientists as having convection cells, that means there must be some form of heat transfer from below. If these ices were simply deposited layer upon layer into the SP basin it would not show signs of convection. It would simply be a thick layer of dormant glacial ice.
This (below) video is pseudo science at its best, if you pay close attention, you can see clearly it demonstrate how assumptions lead to theories that hold little to no basis in reality.
Sputnik Planitia is described by NASA scientists as having convection cells, that means there must be some form of heat transfer from below. If these ices were simply deposited layer upon layer into the SP basin it would not show signs of convection. It would simply be a thick layer of dormant glacial ice.
This (below) video is pseudo science at its best, if you pay close attention, you can see clearly it demonstrate how assumptions lead to theories that hold little to no basis in reality.
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Quote from this video
The place where the Earth is now seems very dry so if the Earth formed as a dry rock around a hot young star, then how did this water get here? The beginning premise (Earth as a dry rock) is ridiculous but then leads to a logical yet pointless question (where did the water come from?). The video suggests Earth's water source is an extremely complex issue but its only complex if you assume the Earth didn't start out with the same constituents we see in almost all other hard bodies in the solar system. |
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In other words, its a complex issue when you start with the wrong assumption.
Begin by thinking Earth was a dry molten rock with no water and then it becomes necessary to add water. But if the Earth is built out of the same Rock/Ice Rock material the rest of the solar system is made of then voila problem solved. If you want to see a bunch of videos (like the above) with some good science peppered with not so good science click here. This is why I keep saying if you start with the wrong premise it doesn't matter what your models or math suggests because they are then nothing more than a reflection of your preexisting expectations. |
The larger Earth grew, the older it got, the less frequent impacts occurred, the more likely it's crust remained cold and hard not molten. The estimates for impact frequency is between 20 and 200 years during the LHB. That's plenty of time for the Earth's surface to cool between impact events.
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The late heavy bombardment did NOT look like this. Meteors weren't showering down like raindrops.
Many years would pass between each impact. The impacts were energetic (high velocity) and relatively frequent and with a thin early atmosphere small impactors made it to the surface without burning up. Impact energy was far too infrequent and localized to create a molten surface but as our planet grew ever larger internal compression forces along with internal radiogenic heat were significant enough to heat and melt rock. |
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Early orbits of the planets were likely more eccentric adding tidal flex energy to the mix which was sufficient enough to heat planet's interiors similar to what we see at Jupiter's moon Io. Tidal flex plus sufficient compression energy from gravity plus radioactive decay would have turned the interior molten while the exterior crust remained cold, hard and covered with ice.
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This image is a little more like what early Earth might have looked like except for the ridiculous barrage of meteorites.
Consider this scenario. The Earth was similar in composition to Enceladus, Europa, Ganymede, Pluto and to a greater degree Mars but Earth was much larger. It was a planet constructed of water ice, rock and iron but the proportions were a bit different. Why? Because we are closer to the Sun, hence more of the lighter (volatile) gasses like H2O were slowly baked away. |
Early in the formation of our solar system (prior to the Sun's ignition) the planets were forming out of the solar system's material just like we see moons that formed (accreted) around Jupiter. Jupiter isn't large enough to ignite but its massive enough to knead its moon Io like a ball of dough such that it has melted away all its water ice.
By the time the Sun ignited, planets were most likely already formed and Earth probably had an active magnetic core ready to protect the water vapor atmosphere that would be created by the Sun's energy release following ignition just like we see at Ganymede. Recent findings suggest the Earth's magnetic core is 4.2 byr old, prior to this finding it was believed the magnetic core was only 3.5 byr. I suspect this age may be pushed further back in time as new research arises.
By the time the Sun ignited, planets were most likely already formed and Earth probably had an active magnetic core ready to protect the water vapor atmosphere that would be created by the Sun's energy release following ignition just like we see at Ganymede. Recent findings suggest the Earth's magnetic core is 4.2 byr old, prior to this finding it was believed the magnetic core was only 3.5 byr. I suspect this age may be pushed further back in time as new research arises.
The Sun produces deuterium which is a Hydrogen with a proton and a neutron at its core. Our magnetosphere and atmosphere blocks deuterium from reaching Earth but our Moon is loaded with the stuff because it doesn't have an atmosphere or magnetic field.
Comet 67p is a short period 6 year cyclical Kuiper belt object that has 3 times the deuterium as the water on Earth indicating water was not primarily delivered to Earth by comets but if our Earth was mostly formed by the time the Sun ignited and our early atmosphere was thin but developing this could explain the 3 to 1 ratio. Also consider, the early Sun was smaller and less hot than it is today. The Sun grows hotter by about 10% every billion years increasingly forming larger quantities of deuterium. Once our atmosphere developed it would have stopped the Sun's deuterium from arriving.
Comet 67p is a short period 6 year cyclical Kuiper belt object that has 3 times the deuterium as the water on Earth indicating water was not primarily delivered to Earth by comets but if our Earth was mostly formed by the time the Sun ignited and our early atmosphere was thin but developing this could explain the 3 to 1 ratio. Also consider, the early Sun was smaller and less hot than it is today. The Sun grows hotter by about 10% every billion years increasingly forming larger quantities of deuterium. Once our atmosphere developed it would have stopped the Sun's deuterium from arriving.
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This scenario allows for more rocky material but still lots of water ice during the formation of our planet.
The spin speed (orbital velocity) of objects was faster so impacts were more energetic creating some minor local surface molten conditions which would have cooled quickly same as occurs today. The Earth's volume is larger and the mass is denser than outer solar system objects (moons) creating more compressional energy in turn forming a molten mantle and core. Lighter materials like water rose to the surface of Earth cooling and creating the crust quickly trapping the internal heat in a blanket separating water from molten rock. |
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Fissures, cracks and volcanoes poked up through the crust boiling the water. The Sun also heated the water from above. These two heat sources created an atmosphere and magnetosphere simultaneously removing and preserving the water. As water escaped into space more land rock was exposed. |
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Europa
Consider these two models of Enceladus and Europa. The only real difference between them and Earth is their size and proximity to the Sun and because of that proximity their densities are much less than Earth.
Since they are far beyond the asteroid belt's frost line they are encased in a crust of ice but below that ice crust is a world that looks very much like the early Earth (small metal core, large rocky hot mantle, thin crust covered by water and ice). Put Enceladus, Europa, Ganimede or even Callisto in Earths orbital path and their ice crust would melt to water. |
The water would evaporate and eventually if they were as large as the Earth the water layer would reduce enough for the rock to poke up through creating islands and eventually continents.
Earth is near enough to the Sun to have had some of its original water evaporated into space exposing the land below. We are literally somewhere in time between molten rocky Io and rocky hot core watery/ice covered Europa. Jupiter's Galilean moons are a time capsule demonstrating how objects subjected to high vs medium vs little energy look when constructed of the materials in our solar system.
Back to the May 2017 Ocean Earth Article
Quote
It might seem unlikely, but tiny grains of minerals can help tell the story of early Earth. And researchers studying those grains say that 4.4 billion years ago, Earth was a barren, mountainless place, and almost everything was under water. Only a handful of islands poked above the surface.
If correct, this means water was not delivered to the Earth during the late heavy bombardment (LHB) as is commonly suggested since that theoretically took place after Neptune began migrating outward around 2.5-3.68 billion years ago,
Previously, scientists thought the terrestrial planets and our moon formed more than 60 Myr after the beginning of the solar system. However,
Quote from above study
However, it is difficult to reconcile giant-impact models with the compositional similarity of the Earth and Moon without violating angular momentum constraints...Here we present numerical simulations suggesting that the Moon could instead be the product of a succession of a variety of smaller collisions.
Smaller irregular impacts creating the Moon would have given Earth's surface time to cool between impact events.
The single large body impact theory creating our moon violates angular momentum constraints.
Earth is near enough to the Sun to have had some of its original water evaporated into space exposing the land below. We are literally somewhere in time between molten rocky Io and rocky hot core watery/ice covered Europa. Jupiter's Galilean moons are a time capsule demonstrating how objects subjected to high vs medium vs little energy look when constructed of the materials in our solar system.
Back to the May 2017 Ocean Earth Article
Quote
It might seem unlikely, but tiny grains of minerals can help tell the story of early Earth. And researchers studying those grains say that 4.4 billion years ago, Earth was a barren, mountainless place, and almost everything was under water. Only a handful of islands poked above the surface.
If correct, this means water was not delivered to the Earth during the late heavy bombardment (LHB) as is commonly suggested since that theoretically took place after Neptune began migrating outward around 2.5-3.68 billion years ago,
Previously, scientists thought the terrestrial planets and our moon formed more than 60 Myr after the beginning of the solar system. However,
- a new study indicates our Moon developed in the first 60 million years
- newer data suggests 50 million years,
- even newer data suggests 30 Myr) of the solar systems formation (4.51 to 4.54 byr) and that
- the Moon formed from several small to medium sized impacts not one big Theia impact. Robin Canup's single Earth sized impact model takes a hit, further weakening Robin's Pluto/Charon early impact theory.
Quote from above study
However, it is difficult to reconcile giant-impact models with the compositional similarity of the Earth and Moon without violating angular momentum constraints...Here we present numerical simulations suggesting that the Moon could instead be the product of a succession of a variety of smaller collisions.
Smaller irregular impacts creating the Moon would have given Earth's surface time to cool between impact events.
The single large body impact theory creating our moon violates angular momentum constraints.
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Earth existed as a mostly covered in water world long before the LHB.
Wiki quote about the time of the LHB. As more data has become available, particularly from lunar meteorites, this theory (LHB), while still controversial, has gained in popularity... Consistent with the cataclysm hypothesis, none of their ages was found to be older than about 3.9 Ga. Nevertheless, the ages do not "cluster" at this date, but span between 2.5 and 3.9 Ga. The latest science findings indicate, the solar system developed 4.5682 Ga, the Moon was formed 60 million years after the solar system or 4.51 byr, the Earth was covered in water 4.4 Ga, the magnetic field developed at least 4.2 Ga and the LHB occurred between 2.5 to 3.9 byr. According to this science paper in Nature the LHB began 3.68 byr and lasted 200 myr or ended 3.48 byr. The Earth was covered in water 4.4 byr while the LHB started 3.68 byr, in other words, the LHB did NOT deliver oceans of water to Earth. Stated another way, the Earth was an ocean world 780 million years before the LHB began. Universe-Sci About three billion years ago, small pockets of free oxygen started to appear in the oceans, and then about 2.4 billion years ago, a rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen took place. During this period of about 200 million years, the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere suddenly jumped by about 10,000 times. |
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This time is known as the Great Oxidation Event, and it transformed the Earth’s surface chemical reactions entirely.
The rise of oxygen between 2.4 and 3 Ga suggests life took a foothold on Earth during the time of the LHB.
This new data indicates the Earth was a water world from the outset.
Earth did not get impacted by a theoretical Mars sized or larger object vaporizing all the water, it was not a ball of hot liquid rock, the Moon was not accreted from molten material rather it developed from rocky water icy stuff from multiple smaller impacts.
The rise of oxygen between 2.4 and 3 Ga suggests life took a foothold on Earth during the time of the LHB.
This new data indicates the Earth was a water world from the outset.
Earth did not get impacted by a theoretical Mars sized or larger object vaporizing all the water, it was not a ball of hot liquid rock, the Moon was not accreted from molten material rather it developed from rocky water icy stuff from multiple smaller impacts.
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The moon formed very early on from multiple impactors.
Earth's water and atmosphere were protected by a magnetic field at least within the first 350 million years. Based on the fact Ganymede has a magnetic core I'm suggesting the Earth's magnetic core existed prior to 4.2 Ga although its not yet scientifically proven. A recent study released September 19th, 2017 shows that Mars had an atmosphere almost as thick as Earth's 4 Ga which means it had oceans of water, just like Earth, prior to the LHB. |
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Black Beauty
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Section NWA 7533 of a Martian meteorite, Black Beauty has been dated to 4.4 billion years old and is loaded with evidence of water existing on Mars' surface at that time. Both Earth and Mars were covered in water 4.4 Gya or 500 million to 1.5 billion years prior to the LHB. All this information put together indicates the Earth was a ball of rock covered by water/ice prior to the LHB. The LHB did not deliver the water to Earth indicated by event timing and deuterium ratios. Earth formed as a ball of rock and ice before the Sun even ignited. |
Science makes regular significant mistakes with their assumptions but fortunately they adjust their findings. It's reasonable to challenge the established mainstream science interpretations, in fact its irresponsible not to do so.
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Below are a series of images migrating from under ocean thermal vents creating mineral mounds surrounded by marine life to volcanoes punching through the surface of the ocean to hot spring pools filled with extremophiles (single celled organisms that thrive in extreme conditions) to volcanically driven erupting geysers to geysers building earthen mineral mounds housing extremophile life forms.
The below sequence of images presents a rough idea of how I see the early earth evolving from water world to earth world to living world >>>>>>>>>> Enjoy the music while you view the below images |
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The guy in this video is extremely annoying but its an informative video.
>>>>>>>>>> Since water ice is abundant in our solar system, it seems, the most likely scenario is our Earth was constructed of material that was heavily laden with water ice much like we see at Pluto and many of the moons around Jupiter and Saturn. Mars is our neighbor and was once covered with water when the planet was internally hotter but now has vast quantities of that water locked up as ice just below the surface dirt. |
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The moon is now known to possess large quantities of water ice pretty much everywhere and it wasn't delivered by impactors. An
article in Universal-Sci dated Sept 25th, 2017 shows just how much water there is under the surface of the moon.
article in Universal-Sci dated Sept 25th, 2017 shows just how much water there is under the surface of the moon.
The map shows a general trend of increasing water content (purple, green, and yellows) toward the poles. Image credit Brown
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Quote
“The signature of water is present nearly everywhere on the lunar surface, not limited to the polar regions as previously reported,” says lead author Shuai Li. Although the bulk of the water mapped in the study could be attributed to solar wind, there were exceptions. For example, higher-than-average concentrations of water were found in lunar volcanic deposits near the moon’s equator, where background water in the soil is scarce. |
Rather than coming from solar wind, the water in those localized deposits likely comes from deep within the moon’s mantle and erupted to the surface in lunar magma. Li and Milliken reported those findings separately in July.
The Moon has ice on it but more significantly it has large quantities of water ice under its surface so it seems water ice, rock and metals are as common in bodies near the Sun as it is in bodies further out, the ratios are simply different.
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The primary difference being bodies closer to the Sun have more of the water ice boiled or evaporated away depending on temperature and magnetic atmospheres. We have a nice strong magnetic field protecting us from the Sun's solar wind and this magnetic field likely existed from Earth's earliest times protecting its water content. |
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Early multiple smaller impactors which created the Moon were probably constructed mostly of the same stuff as Earth and so would have also had lots of water ice along with rock and metals.
Water was already largely on Earth before the Moon forming impacts (plural) but that water supply was added to by these impacts. The moon had to form early or else it wouldn't have been around to take all the impacts from the LHB, it doesn't have an atmosphere but it does have subsurface water ice. If a Theia (Mars) sized object hit Earth to form our Moon, the Moon wouldn't have so much water and neither would the Earth. |
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Main Asteroid Belt
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This image isn't even close to what the asteroid belt looks like there's lots of space between each asteroid.
The average distance between objects in the asteroid belt is 600,000 miles (965,600 km). This image demonstrates one aspect of the belt which I'd like to describe in a little detail. >>>>>>>>>> Below image is of Ceres, Vesta and other asteroid belt objects. Almost one-third of the entire mass of the asteroid belt is accounted for by Ceres alone. Beyond that, some 200 asteroids are larger than 100 km (62 miles) in diameter, while 0.7–1.7 million asteroids have a diameter of 1 km (2/3 of a mile) or more. |
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There are two basic zones in the asteroid belt, inner and outer.
The area separating the two zones is called the frost, ice or snow line.
The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with distance from the Sun. For dust particles and rocks within the inner zone of the belt, typical temperatures are around 200 K (−73 °C) at 2.2 AU. The outer zone temperatures are down around 165 K (−108 °C) at 3.2 AU. Ammonia infused water can still be syrupy down to 175K - 200K below this it tends to be a rock hard solid.
The inner ring of the asteroid belt is more heavily populated by rocky metallic asteroids while the outer portion of the ring is populated more by organic carbon rich ice covered rocky objects or comet balls of gravel water ice.
The area separating the two zones is called the frost, ice or snow line.
The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with distance from the Sun. For dust particles and rocks within the inner zone of the belt, typical temperatures are around 200 K (−73 °C) at 2.2 AU. The outer zone temperatures are down around 165 K (−108 °C) at 3.2 AU. Ammonia infused water can still be syrupy down to 175K - 200K below this it tends to be a rock hard solid.
The inner ring of the asteroid belt is more heavily populated by rocky metallic asteroids while the outer portion of the ring is populated more by organic carbon rich ice covered rocky objects or comet balls of gravel water ice.
This observational fact is probably why scientist think early Earth was a dry rock ball. What some scientists have failed to recognize is that the early solar system wasn't nearly as hot while the planets were forming. Look at Saturn as an example of an early prototype solar system. Its not big enough to ignite into a sun but it has formed moons from icy balls infused with gravel. Step up a level to Jupiter size and it still is far away from igniting but has caused Io to melt away all its water via tidal flexing and is boiling rock but all the other Galilean moons are covered in water with a core of rock and a crust of ice.
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This happened in the early solar system, planets formed before the Sun ignited so all the icy rocky metal materials were mostly in place at the time the Sun turned on.
This is an artist rendition of a protoplanetary disk. I'm asking you to consider what happened prior to this moment. Prior to this star's ignition, these planets were moons and the star was a planet. |
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This is HL-Tauri a protoplanetary disk around a young forming star.
This system is assumed to be only 100 degrees Kelvin (it could be more) and planets are forming in the gaps at temperatures where all the water ice is still frozen rock hard. While today our inner solar system is constructed mainly of hard rock bodies those bodies didn't start out that way. Their volatile gasses had to be liquefied then vaporized then escape into space. All material in the solar system was pretty much the same and since we see a lot of evidence beyond the frost line that ice water was a major constituent of solar system construction material then it is inevitable that the inner solar system was the same stuff. Simply add some time and heat and the material's rock to ice ratios change. |
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Every billion years the Sun gets approximately ten percent hotter, it was 30% cooler at ignition than it is today.
As the Sun grew larger and hotter it had sufficient time to bake away more volatile gasses from the surface of inner bodies but early on the ratio of water ice relative to rock/metal was significant. A gravitationally large enough planet like Earth, with a magnetosphere evaporating water could hold onto its water vapor as an atmosphere. The molten metal core set up a magnetic field that shielded the water's evaporation process from the Sun as the compressed hot rock bubbled outward it broke through an ever thinning layer of water creating volcanoes. |
Credit Francisco Negroni https://yourshot.nationalgeographic.com/profile/1024092/
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Wiki Quote
Study of zircons has found that liquid water must have existed as long ago as 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga, very soon after the formation of Earth.[10][11][12][13] This requires the presence of an atmosphere. The cool early Earth theory covers a range from about 4.4 to 4.0 Ga. In fact, recent studies of zircons (in the fall of 2008) found in Australian Hadean rock hold minerals that point to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4 billion years ago. If this holds true, the previous beliefs about the Hadean period are far from correct. That is, rather than a hot, molten surface and atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, Earth's surface would be very much like it is today. The action of plate tectonics traps vast amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing greenhouse effects, and leading to a much cooler surface temperature, and the formation of solid rock, and possibly even life.[14] |
Image credit Scientific American
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In October 2014, Adam Sarafian of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution released a study suggesting that water was on earth as the planet was forming. This conclusion was drawn after establishing a link between the oldest known carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and meteorites believed to be from Vesta (which formed in the same region as earth during the birth of the solar system), and noticing how their composition are similar, and both contained a lot of water.[15]
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The asteroid belt with its inner and outer type ring shows the barrier beyond which the Sun's atmospheric heat is insufficient to rapidly sublimate ices into gasses.
As the Sun grew hotter, this ice/snow zone moved outward. In other words volatile gasses like H2O which are liquid and gas on Earth start to act more like solids at this frost line. The Earth actually orbits inside the Sun's atmosphere. This image does a fairly good job of depicting this fact. |
When the Sun first ignited and was 30% cooler the Earth would have been nearer to the outer edge of the habitable zone where water exists at its triple point. In essence, with a dimmer Sun, a thinner atmosphere and infrequent impacts it's surface would have been much cooler than today.
The asteroid belt marks the boundary where water ice is heated enough by the Sun to either sublimate (evaporate), liquefy or remain rock hard. beyond this zone a form of energy other than the Sun's radiation is required.
Some common forms of heat energy are
Most of the other forms of energy can be summed up in the words tidal flex.
To summarize
These various studies strongly support the premise all the solar system bodies are formed in the same manner with the same stuff.
The theoretical large body (Mars sized or larger) impact with Earth creating our Moon is over. It didn't happen.
This also supports the premise Pluto and Charon did not collide since our solar system now has no examples of one large impact creating a moon. Based on the most current evidence, ALL moons in our solar system were either accreted or captured. Evidence supports the premise, Pluto and Charon are mutually captured objects (see my Triton page for more details).
My Eruptions page demonstrates how to identify varying degrees of tidal flex energy experienced in a moon.
A little sumpin sumpin for nuttin
The asteroid belt marks the boundary where water ice is heated enough by the Sun to either sublimate (evaporate), liquefy or remain rock hard. beyond this zone a form of energy other than the Sun's radiation is required.
Some common forms of heat energy are
- Tidal flex from eccentric orbits and/or
- Repeated resonant push pull effects from other nearby bodies.
- Despining or torque forces created by slowing from a faster spin speed because of gravitational torque energy.
- Non equatorial alignment forcing planetary bulges to flex.
- Compression which requires large mass objects
- Radioactive decay requires core radius larger than 1,000 km to last 4.5 byr.
- Impacts.
Most of the other forms of energy can be summed up in the words tidal flex.
To summarize
- The Earth formed about 4.56 billion years ago (bya)
- The Moon was not formed out of one large impact rather multiple smaller impacts
- The Moon accreted from water ice rocky material ejected off Earth 4.53 to 4.51 bya not molten rock.
- The Earth was a water world 4.4 billion years ago (bya) and had an atmosphere.
- The Earth's magnetic field existed at least 4.2 bya (likely older).
- Mars was a water world 4.4 bya.
- Mars had an atmosphere almost as thick as Earth's 4 bya
- The LHB occurred between 2.5 to 3.68 bya over a span of 1.2 Ga, making it a "late" but not "heavy" bombardment.
- Scientists suggest life began on Earth between 3.7 to 4 bya. The earliest known fossil of bacterial life is from 3.95 bya - article.
- The Great Oxygen Event took place 2.4 bya suggesting the presence of life and the LHB likely contributed to it.
- The LHB did not deliver water to the Earth since Earth was a water world 780 million years prior to the LHB and Earth had an atmosphere at the onset of the LHB which would have vaporized many incoming asteroids and comets as it does today.
These various studies strongly support the premise all the solar system bodies are formed in the same manner with the same stuff.
The theoretical large body (Mars sized or larger) impact with Earth creating our Moon is over. It didn't happen.
This also supports the premise Pluto and Charon did not collide since our solar system now has no examples of one large impact creating a moon. Based on the most current evidence, ALL moons in our solar system were either accreted or captured. Evidence supports the premise, Pluto and Charon are mutually captured objects (see my Triton page for more details).
My Eruptions page demonstrates how to identify varying degrees of tidal flex energy experienced in a moon.
A little sumpin sumpin for nuttin
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